As I was responsible for providing the diagnostic output for the Auto Function Multi Versioning for the AFMV Project. I started by studying how other passes in the GCC compiler work.

For this, I created a simple Hello World program in C.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
   // printf() displays the string inside quotation
   printf("Hello, World!");
   return 0;
}

Saved it as helloWorld.c, then used the GCC compiler that we built to compile it and dump all the passes, using this command ../gcc/build/bin/gcc -fdump-tree-all -fdump-rtl-all helloWorld.c, the dumped all the passes of optimizations that were enabled in the directory.

These were all the passes, I shortlisted and understood the isel pass, the logic for which was stored in the gimple-isel.cc file.

Now let's understand the isel pass, the main logic for the pass is as follows:

namespace {

const pass_data pass_data_gimple_isel =
{
  GIMPLE_PASS, /* type */
  "isel", /* name */
  OPTGROUP_VEC, /* optinfo_flags */
  TV_NONE, /* tv_id */
  PROP_cfg, /* properties_required */
  0, /* properties_provided */
  0, /* properties_destroyed */
  0, /* todo_flags_start */
  TODO_update_ssa, /* todo_flags_finish */
};

class pass_gimple_isel : public gimple_opt_pass
{
public:
  pass_gimple_isel (gcc::context *ctxt)
    : gimple_opt_pass (pass_data_gimple_isel, ctxt)
  {}

  /* opt_pass methods: */
  bool gate (function *) final override
    {
      return true;
    }

  unsigned int execute (function *fun) final override;
}; // class pass_gimple_isel


/* Iterate all gimple statements and perform pre RTL expansion
   GIMPLE massaging to improve instruction selection.  */

unsigned int
pass_gimple_isel::execute (struct function *fun)
{
  gimple_stmt_iterator gsi;
  basic_block bb;
  hash_map<tree, unsigned int> vec_cond_ssa_name_uses;
  auto_bitmap dce_ssa_names;
  bool cfg_changed = false;

  FOR_EACH_BB_FN (bb, fun)
    {
      for (gsi = gsi_start_bb (bb); !gsi_end_p (gsi); gsi_next (&gsi))
    {
      /* Pre-expand VEC_COND_EXPRs to .VCOND* internal function
         calls mapping to supported optabs.  */
      gimple *g = gimple_expand_vec_cond_expr (fun, &gsi,
                           &vec_cond_ssa_name_uses);
      if (g != NULL)
        {
          tree lhs = gimple_assign_lhs (gsi_stmt (gsi));
          gimple_set_lhs (g, lhs);
          gsi_replace (&gsi, g, false);
        }

      /* Recognize .VEC_SET and .VEC_EXTRACT patterns.  */
      cfg_changed |= gimple_expand_vec_set_extract_expr (fun, &gsi);
      if (gsi_end_p (gsi))
        break;

      gassign *stmt = dyn_cast <gassign *> (*gsi);
      if (!stmt)
        continue;

      tree_code code = gimple_assign_rhs_code (stmt);
      tree lhs = gimple_assign_lhs (stmt);
      if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (code) == tcc_comparison
          && !has_single_use (lhs))
        {
          /* Duplicate COND_EXPR condition defs when they are
         comparisons so RTL expansion with the help of TER
         can perform better if conversion.  */
          imm_use_iterator imm_iter;
          use_operand_p use_p;
          auto_vec<gassign *, 4> cond_exprs;
          unsigned cnt = 0;
          FOR_EACH_IMM_USE_FAST (use_p, imm_iter, lhs)
        {
          if (is_gimple_debug (USE_STMT (use_p)))
            continue;
          cnt++;
          if (gimple_bb (USE_STMT (use_p)) == bb
              && is_gimple_assign (USE_STMT (use_p))
              && gimple_assign_rhs1_ptr (USE_STMT (use_p)) == use_p->use
              && gimple_assign_rhs_code (USE_STMT (use_p)) == COND_EXPR)
            cond_exprs.safe_push (as_a <gassign *> (USE_STMT (use_p)));
        }
          for (unsigned i = cond_exprs.length () == cnt ? 1 : 0;
           i < cond_exprs.length (); ++i)
        {
          gassign *copy = as_a <gassign *> (gimple_copy (stmt));
          tree new_def = duplicate_ssa_name (lhs, copy);
          gimple_assign_set_lhs (copy, new_def);
          auto gsi2 = gsi_for_stmt (cond_exprs[i]);
          gsi_insert_before (&gsi2, copy, GSI_SAME_STMT);
          gimple_assign_set_rhs1 (cond_exprs[i], new_def);
          update_stmt (cond_exprs[i]);
        }
        }
    }
    }

  for (auto it = vec_cond_ssa_name_uses.begin ();
       it != vec_cond_ssa_name_uses.end (); ++it)
    bitmap_set_bit (dce_ssa_names, SSA_NAME_VERSION ((*it).first));

  simple_dce_from_worklist (dce_ssa_names);

  return cfg_changed ? TODO_cleanup_cfg : 0;
}

} // anon namespace

gimple_opt_pass *
make_pass_gimple_isel (gcc::context *ctxt)
{
  return new pass_gimple_isel (ctxt);
}

As we can the code is enclosed in an unnamed namespace, which will limit the visibility to the current transition unit. Then we define the pass_data pass_data_gimple_isel which is a structure that defines the metadata for the pass, it includes information such as the pass type(GIMPLE_PASS), name(isel), optimization group, and other properties.

Then the pass class pass_gimple_isel is defined which inherits from gimple_opt_pass which should be a bass class for passes operating on GIMPLE.

Then we have two main functions defined in the class which are:

• gate - It determines whether the pass should be executed on a given function. In this case, it always returns true, which means this pass should be executed on all functions.

• execute - This function contains the actual logic of the pass.

Lastly in the end, the make_pass_gimple_isel function returns an instance of pass_gimple_isel, which is used in the pass manager(passes.cc) to register the pass.

Now that we understand how passes are defined in the GCC compiler let's craft a pass that prints "Hello World".

#include "config.h"
#include "system.h"
#include "coretypes.h"
#include "backend.h"
#include "tree-pass.h"
#include "gimple.h"

namespace {
  const pass_data pass_data_gimple_test = {
    GIMPLE_PASS,
    /* type */
    "test",
    /* name */
    OPTGROUP_NONE,
    /* optinfo_flags */
    TV_NONE,
    /* tv_id */
    0,
    /* properties_required */
    0,
    /* properties_provided */
    0,
    /* properties_destroyed */
    0,
    /* todo_flags_start */
    0 /* todo_flags_finish */
  };

  /* Test pass for dumping a test message. */
  class pass_test_dump: public gimple_opt_pass {
    public: pass_test_dump(gcc::context * ctxt): gimple_opt_pass(pass_data_gimple_test, ctxt) {}

    /* Pass gate function. */
    bool gate(function*) final override {
      return true;
    }

    /* Pass execution function. */
    unsigned int execute(function*) final override {
      fprintf(stderr, "Hello World\n");
      return 0;
    }
  };
}

/* Create the test dump pass. */
gimple_opt_pass * make_pass_test_dump(gcc::context * ctxt) {
  return new pass_test_dump(ctxt);
}

First, we define pass_data_gimple_test which is a constant that has metadata about our pass such as name(test), type(GIMPLE_PASS) etc. Then we define our pass_test_dump which inherits gimple_opt_pass, this class for now only outputs "Hello World" in the execute function, and the function always returns true as right now we are focusing on getting this test pass working at all times. Once it starts working we can customize it to only run when the afmv argument is passed.

In the end, we have our function make_pass_test_dump function which returns an instance of our class. Now we only have to do one thing we have to add our pass in the passes.def file and tree-pass.h.

Changes in the passes.def file:

We are only adding our test pass after our isel pass.

Then we call our make function from the tree-pass.h file:

That's the changes that I have made for the diagnostic output, this pass that we made currently doesn't provide any diagnostic info as it depends on the other people's code mainly the cloning and the pruning passes. Once, we develop those passes we can inform the developer, how many clones were made, how many of those clones were pruned, and how much time it took for this whole process.

Sources

Tyler, C. (n.d.). Software portability and optimization. matrix.senecapolytechnic.ca.matrix.senecapolytechnic.ca/~chris.tyler/wi..

GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection - GNU Project. (n.d.). gcc.gnu.org